[{"name":"stockholm-historical-barometer-1","title":"Stockholm Historical Weather Observations \u2014 Barometer observations in original units since 1756","summary":"Weather observations have been made continuously at the old astronomical observatory in Stockholm since 1754. The dataset provided here contains individual barometer readings in their original units for the period 1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2018.\r\n\r\nThe dataset mostly contains three observations per day. Over time, different barometers have been used and measurements have been made in different units.\r\n\r\nThese data have been used to derive continuous series of sub-daily sea level pressures for Stockholm since 1756.","citations":"Moberg A, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Ruiz Krigsman J, Svanered O. 2002: Daily air temperature and pressure series for Stockholm (1756\u20131998). Climatic Change 53: 171\u2013212. DOI:10.1023\/A:1014966724670","comments":"The observation site is included in the national station network managed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), with station number 98210 (manual station) and 98230 (automatic station), but data in the current dataset can differ from those in the SMHI database.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe original unit for barometer readings has varied over time, as follows:\r\n\r\n1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1858: Mercury height in Swedish inches (=29.69 mm)\r\n\r\n1859\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1861: Mercury height in 0.1*Swedish inches (=2.969 mm)\r\n\r\n1862\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1937: Air pressure in mm Hg\r\n\r\n1938\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2018: Air pressure in hPa\r\n\r\n\r\nData files for the period February 1785 to December 1861 also contain temperature readings made at the barometer, which are needed to reduce barometer readings to 0\u00b0C. Before February 1785, temperatures at the barometer have been estimated from outdoor temperatures using a statistical model but these estimated temperatures are not included here. See Moberg et al. (2002; section 5) for further discussion. Data from 1961 onwards were reduced to sea level in the original source used to create the current dataset. Earlier air pressure data are not reduced to sea level.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe number of observations each day has changed through time, as follows:\r\n\r\n1756-01-01\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1784-05-31: 2 observations (morning and evening)\r\n\r\n1785-06-01\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2018-12-31: 3 observations (morning, noon, evening)\r\n\r\n\r\nObservation times for all morning, noon and evening observations are provided in a separate dataset.\r\n\r\n\r\nFrom January 2013 onwards, data are presented for both the manual station and the automatic weather station. Although the automatic station records air pressure every hour, the current dataset only contains data for the same three observation times as for the manual observations for the sake of consistency.\r\n\r\n\r\nOriginal data sources used to produce this dataset:\r\n\r\n1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1858: Handwritten observation journals from the archive of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. \r\n\r\n1859\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1861: Handwritten observation journals from the archive of the SMHI.\r\n\r\n1862\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a1960: Printed tables in the meteorological year-books \"Meteorologiska Iakttagelser i Sverige\", published by the SMHI or its predecessors.\r\n\r\n1961\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2012: Computer files provided by the SMHI through personal contacts.\r\n\r\n2013\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2018:  Data files downloaded from the SMHI resource \u00d6ppna Data, subject to subsequent checking and correction for errors.\r\n\r\n\r\nA small number of individual barometer values in the data files may deviate from the ones given in the handwritten sources, in cases when the latter were judged to be incorrect by Moberg et al. (2002; see section 3.2).\r\n\r\n\r\nNo air pressure measurements were made at the Stockholm old astronomical observatory between 1939-07-01 and 1950-02-28. Following Moberg et al. (2002), data for this period are taken from Stockholm\/Bromma airport, as given in the printed year books.\r\n\r\n\r\nBarometer observation data in this dataset are used to derive the corresponding dataset with sub-daily sea level pressure.","category":"Atmosphere","subcategory":"Weather observations","keywords":"Air pressure; Barometer; Daily data; Early instrumental data; Sweden; Stockholm","scientist":"Anders Moberg","firstname":"Anders","lastname":"Moberg","address":"Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University","postalcode":"SE-106 91","city":"Stockholm","province":"","country":"Sweden","parameters":"Earth science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric pressure","location":"Continent > Europe > Northern Europe > Scandinavia > Sweden","progress":"Completed","language":"English","project":"Digitization, quality control and development of daily and monthly air temperature and pressure data series until 1998 was undertaken as part of the project IMPROVE \u2014 Improved Understanding of Past Climatic Variability from Early Daily European Instrumental Sources. Project funding: EU 4th Framework Programme, 1998\u20131999. Contract: ENV4-CT97-0511. Co-ordinator: Dario Camuffo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Padova, Italy. PI at Stockholm University: Anders Moberg.","publisher":"Bolin Centre Database","version":"1","constrains":"None","access":"Free"}]