[{"name":"stockholm-4","title":"Stockholm Historical Weather Observations","summary":"Weather observations have been made continuously at the old astronomical observatory in Stockholm since 1754. This is one of the world's longest records of meteorological observations, and probably the very longest continuous record from one and the same local site. Thus, the Stockholm observation series provides invaluable information about weather and climate change for more than 260 years.\r\n\r\nIn the 18th century, the weather observations were made by astronomers as a part of their studies of the universe. Today, the observation site in Stockholm is a weather station within the national station network managed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).\r\n\r\nThis data collection contains observations of air temperature, air pressure and cloud amount together with calculated daily and monthly averages of air temperature since 1756. Observed maximum snow depth each winter since 1904\/05 is also included.","citations":"Moberg A. 1996: Temperature variations in Sweden since the 18th century. Avhandlingsserie \/ Naturgeografiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet, 1104-7208 (5)\r\n\r\nMoberg A, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Ruiz Krigsman J, Svanered O. 2002: Daily air temperature and pressure series for Stockholm (1756\u20131998). Climatic Change 53: 171\u2013212. DOI: 10.1023\/A:1014966724670\r\n\r\nMoberg A, Alexandersson H, Bergstr\u00f6m H, Jones PD. 2003: Were Southern Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured? Int. J. Climatol. 23: 1495- 1521. DOI:10.1002\/joc.945","comments":"#### Version history\r\n\r\n##### Version 4\r\nMonthly mean air temperatures updated to 2020.\r\n\r\n##### Version 3\r\nData re-organized into one collection with the different data types being separated into individual datasets and with data updated as follows:\r\n\r\nTemperature \u2014 Monthly mean air temperatures 1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u20602019. Daily mean air temperatures starting in 1756 with live daily updates to the present. Individual thermometer observations 1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u20602018.\r\n\r\nPressure \u2014 Barometer observations in original units 1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u20602018. Sub-daily sea level pressure 1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u20602012.\r\n\r\nCloud \u2014 Sub-daily cloud amount 1756\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a\u20602018.\r\n\r\nSnow \u2014 Maximum snow depth in each winter from 1904\/05 to 2018\/19.\r\n\r\nObservation times \u2014 Information about the time points when weather observations were made each day (morning, noon, evening), as used for calculation of daily mean temperatures, during 1756\u2060\u2060\u200a\u2013\u200a2018.\r\n\r\n##### Version 2\r\nSame data structure as in version 1, but with data updated to 2017.\r\n\r\n##### Version 1\r\nInitial release. Provided as a single dataset containing temperature, air pressure, cloud, snow and observation times data. Most of the data files end with 2016.","category":"Atmosphere","subcategory":"Weather observations","keywords":"Air temperature; Air pressure; Cloud amount; Snow depth; Daily data; Monthly data; Early instrumental data; Homogenized data; Sweden; Stockholm","scientist":"Anders Moberg","firstname":"Anders","lastname":"Moberg","address":"Department of Physical Geography; Stockholm University","postalcode":"SE-106 91 Stockholm","city":"Stockholm","province":"","country":"Sweden","parameters":"Earth science > Atmosphere","location":"Continent > Europe > Northern Europe > Scandinavia > Sweden","progress":"Completed","language":"English","project":"Digitization, quality control and development of daily and monthly air temperature and pressure data series until 1998 was undertaken as part of the project IMPROVE - Improved Understanding of Past Climatic Variability from Early Daily European Instrumental Sources. Project funding: EU 4th Framework Programme, 1998\u20131999. Contract: ENV4-CT97-0511. Co-ordinator: Dario Camuffo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Padova, Italy. PI at Stockholm University: Anders Moberg. Development of sub-daily cloud amount data files until 2000 was made by Anders Moberg as part of a project funded by the Office of Science, US Department of Energy, under grant no. DE-FG02-98ER62601. PI: Philip Jones, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK.","publisher":"Bolin Centre Database","version":"4","constrains":"None","access":"Free"}]